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Title: please type the full title and subtitle in capital letters at the start of the article (but see also ‘Running heads’ below).

Abstract: between the title and the beginning of the text, please insert an abstract of approximately 200 words, written in the language of the article. If in English, entitle it Abstract (in italics); if in French, Résumé. The abstract should clearly state the main texts or other materials discussed in the article and should summarize its main arguments, conclusions, or claims.

Affiliation: please type your institutional affiliation (or place of residence if you have no affiliation) in capital letters at the end of the article, aligned to the left.

Works cited: please incorporate these in the notes (as illustrated below). Please do NOT include at the end of the article a separate Bibliography or List of Works Cited.

Sections: please only divide your article into sections if this seems essential to you. Insert the new section title after one blank line, in italics and without capitalization of the first letter of words (unless they are proper names etc.). Sections are not numbered as a rule.

Paragraph breaks: please indent each paragraph (except the opening one), using the tab key once. Please do not follow the practice of leaving a blank line between paragraphs.

Spacing: please use double line-spacing throughout (including for quotations and notes) and leave the right-hand margin unjustified. Only one space should follow a full point.

Font: please use Times New Roman 12pt for text if possible, and Symbol for special characters. Use ‘smart’ quotation marks — ‘/“ not '/".

Punctuation of articles written in French: even when writing in French, please use the English conventions outlined here, not French-style punctuation. For example, please do not leave a space before colons, semi-colons, question marks, before and after quotation marks, etc. — write ‘fleur:’ and ‘fleur?’ not ‘fleur :’ and ‘fleur ?’. Please use English-style quotation marks, not French-style ones — ‘/’ not «/».
Dashes: in running text please use (sparingly) pairs of ‘em’ dashes (—), with a space on either side of the dash, to enclose parenthetical statements. An ‘en’ dash (–) is used for date spans and page ranges.

QUOTATIONS AND EPIGRAPHS

All quotations from works in French should be given in the original French. English translations should not as a rule be provided. The one exception is for medieval French, for which translations should be included (into the language in which the article is written). Please indicate the source of the translation (e.g. ‘Translations in the text are my own unless otherwise indicated.’). Translations should be given in square brackets:

His deeds are too well known: ‘Tele est cele ovre a escïent’ [This deed is so widely known].

If a quotation is longer and needs to be extracted from the surrounding text, the translation should follow as a matching paragraph, separated by one blank line:

Entre les autres en issi
Le gorpil, si asauvagi.
Rous ot le poil conme Renart,
Mout par fu cointes et gaingnart.

[From amongst the other animals there emerged the fox, such a savage creature. He had red fur like Renart. He was clever and cruel.]

Quotations in languages other than English or French should generally be given in translation, although reference may, of course, be made to original sources. Where the argument requires that a text written in a language other than English or French be quoted in the original, a translation should be provided in the same way as for the medieval French above.

Short quotations (up to about forty words) should be run on from the main text and given in single quotation marks. For a quotation within a quotation, double quotation marks should be used:

‘“Nous sommes la terre”, répondent-ils’.

Where a page reference is given, the final full point should follow the closing parenthesis:

The reference to translation is explicit: ‘le devoir et la tâche d’un écrivain sont ceux d’un traducteur’ (IV, 469).

The full point should precede the closing quotation mark only where the passage quoted represents a complete sentence introduced by a colon:

The environment of the court tends to be portrayed ambivalently: ‘L’ambition et la galanterie étaient l’âme de cette cour, et occupaient également les hommes et les femmes.’

Omissions within quotations should be indicated by means of ellipsis (three points within square brackets, each point separated by a space):

S’il arrive que l’on songe à l’amour [. . .] c’est peut-être parce qu’obscurément nous sentons que c’est le seul moyen dont nous disposions.

Ellipses should not be placed at the beginning or the end of quoted passages.

Longer quotations (more than about forty words of prose, or more than one complete prose paragraph, or more than two lines of verse) should be set off from the main text and presented without quotation marks. The whole quotation should be indented (not marked with a vertical line, as the MHRA Style Guide instructs), using the left margin guides (positioned at the normal paragraph indent), not tabs or spaces. Any page reference should be placed after the quotation’s closing punctuation:

Revenons, c’est une nécessité de ce livre, sur ce fatal champ de bataille. Le 18 juin 1815, c’était pleine lune. Cette clarté favorisa la poursuite féroce de Blücher, dénonça les traces des fuyards, livra cette masse désastreuse à la cavalerie prussienne acharnée, et aida au massacre. Il y a parfois dans les catastrophes de ces tragiques complaisances de la nuit. (II, 427)

An epigraph at the head of an article should appear in roman type, without quotation marks. Using the margin guides, please indent the text approximately halfway across the measure and leave one blank line before the start of the article text itself. Full source details should be provided in a footnote.

NOTES

Please use endnotes, not footnotes (even though the notes will eventually appear as footnotes in the published version).

A note reference number should usually be placed at the end of a clause or sentence, after the comma, colon, or full point, except where the note refers specifically to text within parentheses, in which case the number cue should be placed inside the parenthesis.

Where an author wishes to acknowledge assistance received or provide information on the original context in which an article may have been produced, a single brief note indicated by an asterisk at the end of the article’s title, and so appearing immediately before n. 1, is to be used for this purpose.

REFERENCES

Please do not use the author–date system, and do not provide a separate Bibliography of works cited.

The title and subtitle of books and articles should be separated by a colon, except with titles in German, where a full point is used.

Capitalization: for the title and subtitle of books and articles in English, the initial word and the principal words are capitalized. For titles of books and articles in French, the first word is capitalized. If the first word is the definite article Le/La, then the first noun following the article (and any adjectives between the article and the noun) should also be capitalized; the subtitle should be given entirely in lower case. For titles in German, all nouns should be capitalized; in Italian and Spanish, only the first word is normally capitalized.

Titles within the title of a book should be given in single quotation marks.

The place of publication should be given where practicable in English (e.g. Geneva, not Genève).

For American and Canadian place names, the two-letter postal abbreviations for American states and Canadian provinces should be included only where necessary to eliminate ambiguity (e.g. Durham, NC; London, ON); these abbreviations are to be found in the Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors and online.

Titles of series in which a work appears are not given.

The names of editors of works should be preceded by the abbreviation ‘ed. by’, and of translators by the abbreviation ‘trans. by’.

Where works by the same author are listed in a note, each item after the first can be preceded by ‘id.,’ (for men) or ‘ead.,’ (for women) if it might not be clear that all are by the same author.

Where the name of the author of a work cited is given in full in the text of an article, please refer to the author only through his/her initial(s) and surname (rather than full name), in the first reference to that work in a note.

Here are some examples of how the first reference to a work should be presented in the notes:

Jean Starobinski, Montaigne in Motion, trans. by Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), Chapter 3.

Debra Linowitz Wentz, Fait et fiction: les formules pédagogiques des ‘Contes d’une grand-mère’ de George Sand (Paris: Nizet, 1985), p. 9.

Nineteenth-Century French Poetry: Introductions to Close Reading, ed. by Christopher Prendergast (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

Alphonse de Lamartine, Méditations poétiques [1820], ed. by Gustave Lanson, 2 vols (Paris: Hachette, 1915; repr. Geneva: Slatkine, 2000), II, 490.

Roland Barthes, Le Plaisir du texte, in Œuvres complètes, 5 vols (Paris: Seuil, 2002), IV, 219–64 (p. 220)

Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. by Joseph R. Strayer and others, 13 vols (New York: Scribner, 1982–89), VI (1985), 26.

Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Sämtliche Werke, ed. by Rudolf Hirsch and others (Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer, 1975–), XIII: Dramen, ed. by Roland Haltmeier (1986), pp. 12–22.

Françoise Douay-Soublin, ‘La Rhétorique en France au XIXe siècle: restauration, renaissance, remise en cause’, in Histoire de la rhétorique dans l’Europe moderne, 1450–1950, ed. by Marc Fumaroli (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1999), pp. 1071–1214.

Daniel Madelénat, ‘1918–1998: deux âges d’or de la biographie?’, in La Biographie, modes et méthodes: actes du deuxième colloque international Guy de Pourtalès, Université de Bâle, 12–14 février 1998, ed. by Robert Kopp, Regina Bollhalder Mayer, and Catherine Gautschi-Lanz (Paris: Champion; Etoy: Fondation Guy de Pourtalès, 2001), pp. 89–104.

Katherine Lunn-Rockliffe, ‘Death and the Aesthetic of Continuity: Reading Victor Hugo’s Les Contemplations’, unpublished paper delivered at the conference of the Society of Dix-neuviémistes on ‘Birth and Death’, Queen’s University, Belfast, March 2005.

Malcolm Bowie, ‘Plutarch to Proust: Exemplary Lives’, New Comparison, 25 (1998), 9–24.

Philippe Lejeune, ‘Où s’arrête la littérature?’, Raison présente, 134 (2000), 25–40 (pp. 30–31).

You do not normally need to include the part number, month or season in addition to the volume number for a through-paginated journal. Where the additional details are necessary, the citations should appear as follows:

Adrian van den Hoven, ‘“Some of These Days”’, Sartre Studies International, 6.2 (2000), 1–11.
Georges Hugnet, ‘Tristan Tzara’, Orbes, 3 (spring 1932), 43–56 (p. 51).

Henri Béhar, ‘A mots découverts’, Europe, July–August 1975, 95–112.

Please present special numbers of journals as follows:

E. Glyn Lewis, ‘Attitudes to the Planned Development of Welsh’, in The Sociology of Welsh, ed. by Glyn Williams (=International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 66 (1987)), pp. 11–26.

Reference to an article in a book that has previously been published elsewhere should take one of the following forms:

Alfred L. Kellogg and Louis A. Haselmayer, ‘Chaucer’s Satire of the Pardoner’, PMLA, 66 (1951), 251–77 (repr. in Alfred L. Kellogg, Chaucer, Langland, Arthur: Essays in Middle English Literature (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers
University Press, 1972), pp. 212–44).

Edwin Honig, ‘Calderón’s Strange Mercy Play’, in Critical Essays on the Theatre of Calderón, ed. by Bruce W. Wardropper (New York: New York
University Press, 1965), pp. 167–92 (first publ. in Massachusetts Review, 3 (1961), 80–107).

Newspaper or magazine articles:

Jacques-Pierre Amette, ‘Thé et désespoir’, Le Point, 8 October 1989, p. 18.

Theses and dissertations:

Miranda Gill, ‘Eccentricity and Cultural Imagination in Nineteenth-Century France’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Oxford, 2004), p. 88.

[Or ‘unpublished doctoral dissertation’ etc., as applicable.]

Online material:

Timothée Picard, ‘Tristan et Isolde de Wagner, et sa postérité littéraire’, Cahiers de Recherches Médiévales, 11 (2004) [accessed 21 July 2009] (paras 7–9 of 32).

Kent Bach, ‘Performatives’, in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy [accessed 4 April 2008].

LATER REFERENCES

In references to a book or article after the first, please use, normally, the author’s surname and an abbreviated version of the title (on this point, French Studies house style differs from the MHRA Style Guide):

Barthes, Le Plaisir du texte, IV, 240–41.

Douay-Soublin, ‘La Rhétorique en France’, pp. 1098–1102.

There are three exceptions to this general rule for later references:

(i) Where a given work or edition is frequently cited in an article, a contracted abbreviation may be used to refer to its title (e.g. MB, for Madame Bovary, OC, for Œuvres complètes). The use of such abbreviations should be mentioned in the first note where the work or edition in question is cited.

(ii) Page references to a text that is the main focus of discussion may be provided in parentheses in the body of the article, without mention of the text itself, provided that it is absolutely clear to which text the page references apply.

(iii) Where the immediately preceding reference in the notes was to the same work as the one presently being referred to, ‘Ibid.’ should be used (e.g. ‘Ibid., pp. 330–31.’).

ABBREVIATIONS

In the article text (as opposed to references and notes), abbreviations should be avoided, including ones such as ‘e.g.’ and ‘i.e.’:

Hugo reveals this in line 15, for example.

NUMBERS AND DATES

For dates, the following form should be used: 26 September 1859. In approximations, circa should be abbreviated to c. (e.g. c. 1762).

Numbers up to one hundred should be written in words. Figures should be used for chapter, volume or page numbers, and for years. Page references to numbers falling within the same hundred should take the following form:

14-18, 53-54, 201-06

Numbers up to 9999 are given without a comma (e.g. ‘ll. 1672¬–85’). In all multiple page references, the range given should be specific (references in the form 22f. or 44ff. should notbe given).

ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustrations to articles will be published at the discretion of the Editors. Pressure on space in the journal will, however, place limitations on the total number of illustrations that can be accommodated. It is the responsibility of the author to procure suitable black and white images for use in printing and to obtain permission from the relevant authorities for the reproduction of an illustration. Any costs arising from the use of illustrations will be borne by the author.