1. REFERENCES

The basic rules in all citations to authority are (1) clarity and (2) consistency.

1.1 BOOKS

I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 5th edn., 1998), 291.

Note that while publisher and place are often helpful to the reader, the more frequently cited works are either well known or readily found; authors may therefore include such information at their discretion, although the editors may request further information in appropriate cases.

1.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOOKS

I. Brownlie, ‘To what extent are the traditional categories of lex lata and lex ferenda still available?’ in A. Cassese and J.H. Weiler (eds.), Change and Stability in International Law-Making (Berlin, 1988), 62–85 at 66.

1.3 ARTICLES

I. Brownlie, ‘Recognition in Theory and Practice’ (1982) 53 BYBIL 197–211 at 201.
I. Brownlie, ‘Transition to Independence: the Legal Aspects’ (1961) 8 Review of Contemporary Law 19–40.
I. Brownlie, ‘Use of Force’, The Times, 4 Jan. 1972, 3.

1.4 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES

HC Debs., vol. 989, col. 287, 25 Apr. 1980 [for House of Commons Debates].
HC Debs., vol. 24, WA, col. 215, 12 Mar. 1976 [for Written Answers (WA)].
HL Debs., vol. 158, col. 198, 23 Jan. 1993 [for House of Lords Debates].
Cong. Rec., 77th Cong., 1st Sess, vol. 87, pt. 6, 2687 (27 Mar. 1941).

For other country sources, use local style with explanation for readers on first use.

1.5 DOCUMENTS

[1995] OJ No L164/1.
EU Bull. 9-1994, 122.
UN doc. A/46/550-S/23127, 9 Oct. 1991.
UN doc. S/21923, annex.
43 UNTS 251
S/RES/661 (1990), para. 9(a).

General Assembly resolutions may also be cited thus:
UNGA res. 428(V), 14 Dec. 1950; UNGA res. 54/146, 17 December. 1999
Security Council resolutions may also be cited thus:
SC res. 1036, 12 January 1996

Security Council resolutions may also be cited thus:
SC res. 1036, 12 January 1996
UNHCR documents should be cited thus:
UNHCR, ‘Note on International Protection’: UN doc. A/AC.96/914, 7 July 1999
UNHCR Standing Committee, ‘Detention of Asylum Seekers and Refugees”
The Framework, the Problem and Recommended Practice’: UN doc. EC/49/SC/CRP.14, 4 June 1999

1.6 CASES

R. v. Chief Immigration Officer, ex parte Bibi [1976] 1 W.L.R. 979 at 984 (CA).
Dubai Bank Ltd v. Galadari and Others (No.5) [1990] T.L.R. 26 June 1990.
Japanese Government v. Commercial Cas. Ins. Co., 101 F. Supp. 243 at 246 (SDNY 1951).
ECJ Case C-432/92 (R. v. Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Anastasiou), [1994] ECR 1-3116.
ECommHR App. No. 8077/77 (Cyprus v. Turkey, 10 July 1977), 13 DR 85 at 114.
Loizidou v. Turkey (Preliminary Objections), (1995), European Court of Human Rights, Ser. A no. 310 at 46.
The Lotus (1927), PCIJ, ser. A, no. 10 at 18.
Island of Palma Arbitration (1928), 2 RIAA 829
Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, ICJ Rep. 1949, 174.

2. OTHER POINTS OF STYLE

Dates should be written out in full in the text in the form (Day) (Month) (Year), thus: 25 December 1946; in the notes, the month is abbreviated, thus: 25 Dec. 1946.
Convention, State, Government (when referring to a specific instrument, state, government)
Put article, paragraph, part, volume, in lower case in the text; but use abbreviated forms (art., para., vol.) in footnotes.
Second World War (not World War II), Cold War.
Per cent not % - apart from for brvity in footnotes.
Do not insert additional line(s) between paragraphs. Use the Tab key to indent the first line of each paragraph (except the first paragraph following a heading or sub-heading or quotation).
Do not use full capitals, either as headings or for emphasis; use italic for the latter.
In the title use initial capital letters, for headings within the paper use initial capital letters only for the first word and any proper nouns.
Omit ‘p./pp.’ before page numbers.
Use abbreviations for journal names (whenever possible) and supply list of abbreviations used, if not commonly known.
No upper case, apart from first word in titles of French publications, except country, names, and so forth.
No underlining, period.

3. SPELLINGS

Judgment, acknowledgment, asylum seeker (not asylum-seeker), focusing, combatant, travaux préparatoires, regime (not régime), decision maker (not decision-maker), the 1960s (not the 1960's), NGOs (not NGO’s), recognize (not recognise), organization (not organisation).

4. PUNCTUATION

Use a comma before ‘and’ and ‘or’ in enumerations of three or more items (‘red, white, or blue’).
Do not insert full points after headings, in abbreviations made up of capital letters (BBC, WHO), or after Dr, Mr, Mrs, St (=’Saint’).
Use points of omission as three unspaced dots, with a space either side of the set. If the matter before the omission points ends a complete sentence include its own close-up full point.
Use single quotation marks; reserve double ones for quotes within quotes. Punctuation should be outside the closing quotation mark

5. HEADINGS

1. Introduction - 14 pt
1.1 First level sub-heading - 12 pt bold
1.1.1 Second level sub-heading - 12 pt italic
1.1.1.1 Third level sub-heading - also 12 pt italic

1. Introduction - 14 pt
1.1 First level sub-heading - 12 pt bold
1.1.1 Second level sub-heading - 12 pt italic
1.1.1.1 Third level sub-heading - also 12 pt italic.
Ideally do not go below a second level sub-heading. Note that there is no period after the final number.

Ideally do not go below a second level sub-heading. Note that there is no period after the final number.

6. QUOTATIONS

Up to 3 lines - include in body of text, between single quotation marks.
Over 3 lines - left-right indent, without quotation marks.

7. PARAGRAPHS

No Tab for first paragraph following a heading or sub-heading, double-indented quotation, or table.
One hard return (that is, no extra lines between paragraphs) and Left Tab thereafter, unless following a double-indented quotation.

8. FORMATTING, SECTIONS AND SUBSECTIONS

Avoid excessive formatting; documents prepared for DTP look nice but require a great deal of work in order to bring them into IJRL style; they may have to be returned to the author to be re-worked.
Follow basic decimal logic for headings and sub-headings: 1; 1.1; 1.2; 1.2.1, and so forth. Any ‘Introduction’ should be numbered ‘1’, and any ‘Conclusion’ should likewise be appropriately numbered, unless too brief in either case to justify numbering.

9. NUMBERS AND DATES

Spell out numbers below 100 in continuous text, unless units of measurements or people’s ages are being given (e.g. ‘45 kilometres’, ‘50 per cent’, ‘he was 58 years old’).
Use commas (rather than spaces) in numbers with four or more digits (‘1,000’).
Use the least number of figures in ranges of numbers: ‘76–7’; ‘235–6’; ‘100–2’; except for the group ‘10–19’ in each hundred: ‘116–19’ not ‘116–9’, ‘210–11’ not ‘210–1’).
Use the form ‘16 August 1980’, without commas.
Do not elide figures when the date covers more than one century (‘1820–1910’).
Otherwise, elide dates according to the rules above (‘23–5 December’, ‘1825–6’, ‘1911–17').

10. ABBREVIATIONS

Explain all but the most familiar abbreviations used in the text on the first mention.
Avoid Latin abbreviations: Use ‘above’, not supra;; ‘below’ not infra. . Use ‘for example’, not ‘e.g.’; and ‘that is’ or ‘namely’, not i.e. And ‘and so forth’, not ‘etc.’
When re-citing a source, cross-reference to the principal note; or use an abbreviation introduced on first citation.
Do not use , ‘loc. cit.’, alone or in combination with ‘supra’, and so forth.
Use ‘ibid.’, if at all, only to refer to the immediately preceding reference.

11. NOTES

Note numbers in the text should fall outside any punctuation marks in the text ('thus,¹' not 'thus¹,'). In the body of the note, all text should 'run on'; avoid all hard returns and indents.

Please do not use automatic cross-referencing in your footnotes, or please convert it to text before you submit.

12. CROSS-REFERENCES

Internal cross-references of the type ‘See above, p. 00’ should be avoided. Full details of a book or an article should be given only the first time it is cited. Subsequent references should be only to the author’s surname followed by ‘above n. 00’. Thus, ‘Brownlie, above n. 4, 284’; or ‘Brownlie, Principles, above n. 7, 195).

Please do not use automatic cross-referencing in your footnotes, or please convert it to text before you submit.

13. AUTHOR'S DETAILS AND ABSTRACTS

The first note in each article will be ‘asterisked’, that is, it will not count in the overall numbering of footnotes. It is reserved for a short statement of the author’s title and position and any brief acknowledgement of assistance provided; ‘dedications’ are not included.
Each submission should be accompanied by an abstract of 200–350 words, sufficient to inform the reader of the subject-matter of the article, the manner in which it is treated, and the author’s general conclusions.